F 8 Fighter Jet - Before the Vietnam War, the leadership of the US Air Force and US Navy felt that superior technology in aircraft and weapons would lead to air superiority over any enemy. Fighters like the F-4, with powerful radar and missiles beyond visual range. will sweep the sky enemy fighters. The old fighter, it was thought, would not fair as well as the F-4. The air war over North Vietnam, especially the fight against North Vietnamese MiG aircraft, attracted a lot of attention in the media and military leadership because they will put this theory to the test, even against a drastically inferior enemy. From 1965 to 1968 and then again in 1972, the US flew aircraft for an almost daily war over North Vietnam against a smaller enemy and far inferior technologically. The US Air Force found that reliance on technology was not up to the task of providing air superiority over North Vietnam, and the US Air Force suffered 2 deaths for every US aircraft shot down. The Vietnamese Warriors. This is far lower than the 14 to 1 kill ratio claimed in the Korean War. disrupt the leadership of the US military. The Vietnamese Air Force, believed to be poorly trained and equipped by its oldest fighters, proved able to defend itself against a better equipped enemy. The American fighters and pilots, equipped with advanced technology and weapons, found that their training, tactics and aircraft were not up to the task in Vietnam, saving one plane. The Navy's F-8 Crusader, made by Vought, got a more respectable 6 to 1 kill ratio and with a probable claim added to the equation a 7 if 1 kill ratio was achieved in the first three years of the Vietnam War.
How did the Crusader pilots achieve such a drastic difference in success compared to the new and more advanced American fighters? A comparison between the F-8 and two enemies from the Vietnam War, the MiG-17 and the MiG-21, shows that the F-8. -8 is pretty evenly matched against two MiGs. The F-8 was a proven aircraft in 1965 with reasonable maneuverability along with a respectable weapons suite and a mature training program. The F-8's tactics and training are based on the lack of a beyond. visual range weapon and it relies on IR missiles rear quarter and four 20 mm guns. The nature of the air war over Vietnam handcuffed American forces with many disadvantages. The strict rules of engagement, the weather and the long flight distance were some of the weaknesses. which allowed the North Vietnamese MiG pilots to choose the right time to attack. This makes aerial warfare a matter of visual maneuvering, an issue F-8 pilots know well. It can easily be translated to the war situation, it was instrumental in the success of the F-8 over North Vietnam.
F 8 Fighter Jet
The F-8 was built with one goal in mind: find enemy aircraft and shoot them down. The Crusader is armed with four Colt Mark-12 twenty millimeter cannons and can also carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. The Mark-12 cannon is capable of firing 660 rounds per minute, but it jams easily.
File:vought F 8 Crusader 2.jpg
The F-8 squadron found that the consistent use and maintenance of the Mark-12 will reduce the incidence of jamming during training. Unfortunately, the training environment, whether shooting at a target on the ground or shooting a target banner at 30,000 feet, is not simulated. The difficulties of an air battle over North Vietnam. F-8 pilots often practice air-to-air gunnery by firing fabric banners, impregnated with some radar-sensitive material, which are towed by another fighter. The pattern is normally flown at 20,000 feet and the supersonic pattern is flown at 30,000 feet.
To score hits on the banner, the pilot must fly a smooth and precise pattern through the air. While the G-force during the firing run can approach 6G, the G-force is usually applied with a smooth, consistent pull. Compare this to a dogfight where a fighter jet is trying to get into a firing position on another aircraft maneuvering in three dimensions. The fight is characterized by a rapid onset of G-force followed by a rapid release or negative G- strength. This difference between firing situations in training and combat caused the problem of cannon jamming returns during missions over North Vietnam.
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The Sidewinder AIM-9 used by the F-8 is a short-range infrared homing missile. F-8s used two different variants of the AIM-9 during the early part of the Vietnam War, the AIM-9B and the AIM-9D. The purpose of the AIM-9B/D during the Vietnam War was limited by their poor IR sensitivity, making them vulnerable to tracking sources whose heat on the ground represents the target plane. AIM-9s during this time. time must be fired to the rear of an enemy aircraft, and it is also severely limited in its ability to track and hit maneuvering targets. The AIM-9B can only be effective at less than 20 degrees tail angle (AOT) of the enemy aircraft. can only be opened effectively with less than 2 Gs in the launch plane. The Tujuan-9D has a cold seeking head that gives it better heat discrimination and a better motor for better performance.
Airfix # A09182 1/48 Gloster Meteor F.8
The AIM-9D can be effective up to 40 degrees AOT, but the F-8 Tactical Manual (TACMAN) says it can be effective up to 90 degrees AOT.
The AIM-9D can also be launched with more G's applied to the launching aircraft and has better effectiveness against maneuvering targets. The effective range of missiles depends on altitude, but below 10,000 feet, almost all are air-to-air. The engagement over North Vietnam took place, the AIM-9 had an effective range from a quarter of a mile out to just over 2 miles at 10,000 feet.
F-8 pilots trained during the 1960s with captive AIM-9s, which gave all the indications of a valid track, but the missile had no engine or warhead. This gives pilots knowledge of the missile, and activated F. -8 pilots in combat have a better success rate than their American counterparts. The F-8 does not have the ability to carry the AIM-9C, a short-range, semi-active radar homing missile that has the ability to shoot down. enemy aircraft go out to 6 miles at 10,000 feet. The semi-active missile will guide on the return of the radar. For AIM-9C guidance, the F-8's radar must be fully operational and locked on the target. The AIM-9C had some success in training exercises and was occasionally carried into combat in Vietnam, but the opportunity to use it never arose.
The APQ radar provides a rough range, elevation and bearing to about 20 miles with the APQ-134 against fighter-sized targets.
File:f 8e Vmfaw 235 Danang Apr1966.jpg
The pulse radar does not have the ability to look down, so the F-8's radar cannot see targets far below their own altitudes. F-8s pilot training acquisition of aircraft with radar and using the information to enter the visual arena in the favorable. The transition to the visual maneuvering arena is always part of the F-8 pilot training package and is separate from the training received by F-4 aircrews. Due to the limited capabilities, range and reliability, the F-8's Crusader radar depends on a good GCI or AIC (Ground Controlled Intercept or Airborne Intercept Control, a controller on the ground or in the air, which is monitored by powerful radars and directed by fighters) and a good visual lookout doctrine.
During the air war over North Vietnam, air-to-air engagements, particularly those taking place in the visual arena, depended on three dominant characteristics for success. The ability to visually pick up another aircraft is usually the first precursor to success. Attack. Visual pick-up may depend on the individual pilot's eyesight, but cockpit visibility plays an important role. The ability to see attacks can also enable surviving pilots to fight another day. Visibility further affects the pilot's situational awareness due to unreliable ground control radar and unreliable or non-existent combat radar (for the MiG-17). to maneuver. Altitude and airspeed play a role in this factor, one aircraft may excel at low altitude and subsonic speeds while another may excel at high altitude and supersonic speeds. For the match against Vietnam, the comparison is made where the match is the most. occur, below 10,000 feet and subsonic airspeeds. The final factor to compare for successful air combat in the visual arena is the weapon and the system that controls their weapon. the aircraft but the weapons and related systems are unable to do the job, the fighter is impotent. A comparison of the F-8 with the two North Vietnamese fighters it faced will show that each aircraft has its weaknesses.
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